Stress is a natural response to situational pressures or demands, particularly when these are perceived as threatening or dangerous. It results from the release of brain chemicals, known as hormones, surging through the body. These hormones cause people to sweat, breathe faster, tense their muscles, and prepare to take action. When this happens, a person’s built-in alarm system—their “fight-or-flight” response—activates to protect them.
A certain level of stress is a normal part of daily life. In small doses, stress can help people meet deadlines, prepare for presentations, be productive, and arrive on time for important events. However, long-term stress can become harmful. When stress becomes overwhelming and prolonged, the risks of mental health and medical problems increase.
Impact of Long-Term Stress
Long-term stress elevates the risk of mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, substance use disorders, sleep disturbances, and physical complaints like muscle tension. It also raises the likelihood of medical issues, including headaches, gastrointestinal problems, a weakened immune system, fertility challenges, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and stroke.
Short-Term Effects of Stress
- Anxiety: Stress triggers the “fight-or-flight” response, leading to feelings of worry or nervousness.
- Irritability: Increased tension may cause heightened anger or frustration.
- Fatigue: Stress depletes energy levels, resulting in exhaustion.
Long-Term Effects of Stress
- Depression: Prolonged stress can reduce neurotransmitter levels, such as serotonin, contributing to depression.
- Anxiety Disorders: Chronic stress may escalate into generalized anxiety disorder or panic attacks.
- Cognitive Decline: Persistent stress impairs memory, concentration, and decision-making abilities.
- Burnout: Prolonged stress, especially from work or caregiving, can lead to emotional exhaustion.
Causes of Stress
Stress often occurs when people perceive high pressures or demands, threats to their well-being, or insufficient resources to cope with challenges.
Common sources of stress include:
- Physical environment: e.g., noisy streets or unsafe living conditions.
- Relationships: e.g., conflicts or strained interpersonal dynamics.
- Work or school: e.g., heavy workloads or academic pressures.
- Life changes: e.g., financial difficulties, breakups, injuries, illnesses, or grief.
Even positive changes, such as job promotions, getting married, or buying a house, can be sources of stress.
Factors Influencing Stress Intensity
Since stress is a normal part of life, everyone experiences it. However, the intensity, frequency, and duration vary between individuals. Several factors can amplify stress, including:
